80% of all marriages in history were between second cousins or closer.

80%
of all 
marriages in history 
were between second 
cousins or closer.

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Humans spend a third of their life sleeping. That's about 25 years.


Humans spend athird of their life sleeping. That's about 25 years.

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Parents of new babies miss out on 6 months worth of sleep in the first 2 years of their child's life.

 

New parents miss 6 months' sleep in two years

Parents of new babies miss out on six months worth of sleep in the first two years of their child's life, according to a study.



























New parents miss 6 months' sleep in two years
Most adults need at least five hours of uninterrupted sleep every 24 hours to function properly Photo: REUTERS
Most get less than four hours uninterrupted rest a night because of crying offspring.
They suffer a huge sleep debt, leading to mood swings, depression, arguments and even relationship break-ups.
Most adults need at least five hours of uninterrupted sleep every 24 hours to function properly and some need as much as eight hours.
But almost two thirds (64%) of parents with babies and under-twos get just three-and three-quarters hours, according to a study for Silentnight beds. That's just 75% of the minimum recommended length of uninterrupted sleep.
And some very unlucky parents - 12% of those surveyed - get less than two-and-a-half hours of uninterrupted sleep per night.
Over the course of two years, and even accounting for regular power-naps, that means the majority of mothers and fathers miss out on six months sleep.
More than 1,000 parents were quizzed by researchers earlier this month for Silentnight beds, to mark National Love Your Bed Week.

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JAMANI TUSIACHE SIASA ITUCHAGUE MFUMO WETU WA ELIMU

 
Kwa muda mrefu sekta ya elimu nchini imepitia mabadiliko mengi, pia kuzua hoja na maswali mengi yakiwamo ya siasa kuachwa itawale mfumo wa utoaji elimu katika nchi yetu.
Hali kadhalika, sekta hii imekutana na changamoto lukuki, zikiwamo malalamiko kutoka kwa wadau mbalimbali ambao wamekuwa wakieleza kwamba elimu yetu inashuka kwa kiwango cha kutisha.
Hadi sasa zimetolewa sababu nyingi za kuporomoka kwa kiwango hiki cha elimu katika Tanzania katika miaka ya karibuni ambazo zinahusisha pande mbalimbali. Pande hizo ni pamoja na walimu, wanafunzi, wazazi au walezi, mazingira ya kujifunzia na kufundishia ambayo ni pamoja na madarasa, maabara, vitabu, ukosefu wa motisha hasa kwa walimu, utoro wa wanafunzi, mimba na kadhalika.
Ikumbukwe kuwa katika miaka ya karibuni ukiwamo mwaka jana, tumeshuhudia kushindwa vibaya kwa wanafunzi wetu waliohitimu kidato cha nne.
Matokeo hayo mabaya yaliiduwaza, kuilazimisha Serikali kuyafuta, kutaka usahihishaji, upangaji matokeo ufanyike upya na yote yalifanyika.
Kutokana na hilo, Waziri Mkuu Mizengo Pinda kwa niaba ya Serikali aliunda tume maalumu ili kuchunguza na kubaini kilichotokea.
Miongoni mwa kazi za tume ile zilikuwa ni kuchunguza na kubaini upungufu wote uliotokea na kisha kupendekeza ni hatua gani zinafaa kuchukuliwa.
Hata hivyo, ripoti ya tume hiyo ambayo iliongozwa na Profesa Sifuni Mchome, Katibu Mkuu wa sasa wa Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi haijatolewa hadharani.
Ripoti hiyo imekuwa hata hivyo ikinukuliwa na vyombo vya habari ikionyesha upungufu mwingi katika elimu nchini.
Hali ikiwa bado ni hivyo, wiki hii, Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi imetangaza mfumo mpya wa kutoa matokeo ya kidato cha nne na sita ambao utaanzia na wahitimu wa kidato cha nne ambao wanaanza mitihani yao kesho.
Uamuzi huo ambao umetangazwa na Profesa Mchome tayari umezua maswali mengi kutoka kwa wadau wakihoji kama kweli unalenga katika kuinua au kuporomosha zaidi kiwango cha elimu.
Wengine wameukosoa mfumo huo kwamba umefanyika zaidi kisiasa, unalenga katika kuwafurahisha wakubwa, hauna uhalisia na mazingira halisi ya elimu katika nchi yetu.

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The record for the longest period without sleep is 11 days.

 
Randy Gardner (born c. 1947) is the holder of the scientifically documented record for the longest period a human has intentionally gone without sleep not using stimulants of any kind. In 1964, Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student in San Diego, California, stayed awake for 264.4 hours (11 days 24 minutes). This period of sleeplessness broke the previous record of 260 hours and 17 minutes held by disk jockey Tom Rounds of Honolulu.[1]
Gardner's record attempt was attended by Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William C. Dement. Gardner's health was monitored by Lt. Cmdr. John J. Ross.[1] A log was kept by two classmates from Point Loma High School, Bruce McAllister and Joe Marciano Jr.[2] Accounts of Gardner's sleep-deprivation experience and medical response became widely known among the sleep research community.[3][4][5]

Health effects[edit]

It is often claimed that Gardner's experiment demonstrated that extreme sleep deprivation has little effect, other than the mood changes associated with tiredness.[6] This is primarily due to a report by researcher William Dement, who stated that on the tenth day of the experiment, Gardner had been, among other things, able to beat Dement at pinball.
However, Lt. Cmdr. John J. Ross, who monitored his health, reported serious cognitive and behavioral changes. These included moodiness, problems with concentration and short term memory, paranoia, and hallucinations. On the eleventh day, when he was asked to subtract seven repeatedly, starting with 100, he stopped at 65. When asked why he had stopped, he replied that he had forgotten what he was doing.[1]
On his final day, Gardner presided over a press conference where he spoke without slurring or stumbling his words and in general appeared to be in excellent health. "I wanted to prove that bad things didn't happen if you went without sleep," said Gardner. "I thought, 'I can break that record and I don't think it would be a negative experience.'"[6][7]

Recovery[edit]

Gardner's sleep recovery was instrumented by sleep researchers who noted changes in sleep structure during postdeprivation recovery.[8][9] After completing his record, Gardner slept 14 hours and 40 minutes, awoke naturally around 8:40 p.m., and stayed awake until about 7:30 p.m. the next day, when he slept an additional ten and a half hours. Gardner appeared to fully recover from his loss of sleep, with follow up sleep recordings taken one, six, and ten weeks after the fact showing no significant differences. No long term psychological or physical effects have been observed.[10]

Subsequent record information[edit]

According to news reports, Gardner's record has been broken a number of times. Some of these cases are described below for comparison. Gardner's case still stands out, however, because it is so extensively documented. It is difficult to determine the accuracy of a sleep deprivation period unless the participant is carefully observed to detect shortmicrosleeps, which the participant might not even notice. Also, records for voluntary sleep deprivation are no longer kept byGuinness World Records for fear that participants will suffer ill effects.[11]
Some sources report that Gardner's record was broken two weeks later by another student, Jim Thomas of California State University Fresno, who stayed awake for 266.5 hours; and state that the Guinness World Records record is 449 hours by Maureen Weston, of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in April, 1977, in a rocking-chair marathon.[12] Presumably because of their policy against maintaining this record, recent editions of Guinness do not provide confirmation of this.[13]
More recently, Tony Wright on May 25, 2007 was reported to have exceeded Randy Gardner's feat[11] in the apparent belief that Gardner's record had not been beaten. He used 24-hour video for documentation.[11]
The Australian National Sleep Research Project,[14] states the record for sleep deprivation is 18 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Coren, Stanley (1 March 1998). "Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency". Psychiatric Times 15 (3). Retrieved2013-11-28.
  2. Jump up^ Phil McHahan with George P. Hunt, Managing Editor (1964). "No Sleep for 11 Days". LIFE 56 (7): 71–72.
  3. Jump up^ Eleven days awake, Extract from "Elephants on Acid: And Other Bizarre Experiments," by Alex Boese.[dead link]
  4. Jump up^ Elephants on Acid: And Other Bizarre Experiments, Alex Boese, ISBN 0-15-603135-3, Harvest Books, 5 Nov 2007
  5. Jump up^ Neurological Findings After Prolonged Sleep Deprivation, Ross J. (1965), Archives of Neurology 12:399-403.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b The Nature of Sleep and its Impact on Health, Ben Best, life-extensionist homepage, undated article
  7. Jump up^ Sleeping In, David Goldenberg, Gelf Magazine, 31 May 2006
  8. Jump up^ Psychiatric and EEG observations on a case of prolonged (264 hours) wakefulness, G. Gulevich et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 29-35, 1 July 1966
  9. Jump up^ Sleep Patterns Following 205 Hours of Sleep Deprivation, Anthony Kales et al., Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol 32, No. 2, March–April 1970
  10. Jump up^ Dement, William C. The Promise of Sleep. (New York: Dell Publishing, 1999)
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b c Man claims new sleepless record, BBC, unattributed author, 25 May 2007
  12. Jump up^ What happens when you stay awake for eleven days?, pseudonymous contributor, Digital Journal, October 2007
  13. Jump up^ Guinness World Records 2004, Guinness World Records Ltd, 2003; no reference to sleep deprivation or wakefulness is found in the index.
  14. Jump up^ 40 Facts About Sleep You Probably Didn't Know, The National Sleep Research Project, undated, site © Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2000
  • Sigrid Veasey, Raymond Rosen, Barbara Barzansky, Ilene Rosen, and Judith Owens (2002). "Sleep Loss and Fatigue in Residency Training". JAMA 288 (9): 1116–1124. doi:10.1001/jama.288.9.1116.
  • McGrann, S et al. (2008). "Sleep deprivation effects within a non zeitgeiber environment: A Grounded theory Analysis".British Journal Of Psychology 14 (3).

Further reading[edit]

  • The Sleepwatchers, William C. Dement, Nychthemeron Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-9649338-0-4
  • "How long can humans stay awake?", Scientific American, 25 Mar 2002

External links[edit]

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